Niacinamide (vitamin B3): Stimulates epidermal skin barrier lipid (ceramides) production resulting in increased hydration and decreased TEWL (Trans Epidermal Water Loss). It also stimulates barrier proteins such as keratin, involucrin and filaggrin essential for optimal barrier functioning and, because of this, decreases inflammation and increases protection from environmental damage. 

Niacinamide addresses pigmentation by preventing the transfer of melanin from the melanocyte to the keratinocyte and there is continued research into the findings that niacinamide can prevent the immune system being suppressed by sunlight. 

It can stimulate collagen production (B3 is a precursor of collagen) as well as regulate sebaceous lipid production and therefore the severity of acne lesions. 

Superoxide dismutase (SOD): Is an enzymatic antioxidant, bioidential to SOD found in human cells. SOD is well know for its role in neutralising the superoxide free radical. It is widely believed that SOD can enhance sunscreen products and protect against the damaging effects of the environment. 

Environmental effects increase the number of free radicals the body encounters. SOD is a free radical scavenger and balances out the number of excess radicals, ultimately protecting the skin from unnecessary damage. SOD soothes the skin and helps combat against photo ageing, leaving the skin healthy and more radiant. 

Additional ingredients: Sodium PCA, betaine and pro vitamin B5 (panthenol) to hydrate, protect the skin barrier, reduce skin irritation and improve skin healing.