Niacinamide (vitamin B3): Stimulates epidermal skin barrier lipid (ceramides) production resulting in increased hydration and decreased TEWL (Trans Epidermal Water Loss). It also stimulates barrier proteins such as keratin, involucrin and filaggrin essential for optimal barrier functioning and, because of this, decreases inflammation and increases protection from environmental damage. 

Niacinamide addresses pigmentation by preventing the transfer of melanin from the melanocyte to the keratinocyte and there is continued research into the findings that niacinamide can prevent the immune system being suppressed by sunlight. 

It can stimulate collagen production (B3 is a precursor of collagen) as well as regulate sebaceous lipid production and therefore the severity of acne lesions. 

Panthenol: Also known as pro vitamin B5 can amplify the effects of B3. The two work in synergy to stabilise the skin barrier, soothe, heal, improve skin softness and plump the skin to reduce the appearance of fine lines. It has also been clinically proven to exhibit anti-bacterial properties.